Dna: The Thread Of Life :: essays research papers

desoxyribonucleic acid The Thread of Life     The "thread of life", is deoxyribonucleic acid, otherwise known as DNA.It is the spiral shaped mite found in the nucleus of cells. Scientists haveknown since 1952 that DNA is the basic substance of heredity. This washypothesized, and later confirmed by James D. Watson and Francis Crick. Theyalso know that it acts give care a biological computer program over 3 billion bitslong that "spells" out instructions for making the basic building blocks of life.DNA carries the bodies inherited code, controls the development of an embryo,is capable of duplicating itself, and is able to repair damage to itself. DNA groundwork be manipulated to change all kinds of things.     All DNA molecules consist of a united series of unites callednucleotides. Each DNA nucleotide is composed of 3 subunits a 5 carbon sugarcalled deoxyribose, a phosphate group that is joined to angiotensin-converting enzy me end of the sugarmolecule, and one of several different nitrogenous bases linked to the oppositeend of the deoxyribose. There are 4 nitrogen bases called adenine, guanine,thymine, and cytosine. In DNA adenine pairs with thymine and guanine withcytosine.     Medicines ability to diagnose continues to exceed its ability to treator cure. For example, Huntingtons Chorea is an inherited disease that developsbetween the ages of 30 and 45, can be diagnosed before any symptoms appear.This can be hard for both the individuals with the disease and their family.     There is a 3 billion dollar project current right now called the HumanGenome Project, a 15 year program to make a detailed map of every single gene inhuman DNA. With automated cloning equipment to steer scientists through the DNA,scientists are finding human genes at the rate of more than one a day. This maynot sound same very much but as technology increases the rate at finding themwill increase. Since January 1993 to January 1994 scientists have located thegenes for Huntingtons disease, Lou Gehrigs disease, and the "bubble-boy"disease. Scientists are evaluate to find the first breast cancer gene any weeknow.     Even with the best tools of today, the progress is full of surprises.Human DNA is not like that of plants, in which the trait of color of a flower isdetermined by one gene. Even the color of a human eye can have theinteraction of several genes. Some complex genes, such as cystic fibrosis, cango wrong in any number of places. Scientists have already accounted for 350places where the cystic fibrosis gene mutates, and more are being uncovered

Rape in Romanesque Art Essay -- Art

The entrancement of Ganymede capital in San Madeleine in Vzelay is a line drawing of the story of the rape or abduction of Ganymede. On its front face the capital features an eagle holding the young shepherd boy, Ganymede, in its mouth. Ganymede is being held upside nap helplessly with a look of terror on his face. On the left be two adults holding their heads and staring helplessly at the eagle pickings the boy. On the right side is a demon looking out at the viewer sticking its tongue out in happiness, as if to call up us. In the eagles talons is a dog, which looks like a hyena, baring its teeth. The capital depicts a story from Aeniad, where Jupiter becomes infatuated with the handsome shepherd boy, Ganymede, and according to his displacement of the story, sends an eagle down to abduct the boy. Ganymede then serves as Jupiters cupbearer, and this evokes jealousy from Juno, thus incurring her wrath which is supposedly one of the factors that begins the Trojan War. Virgils i nterpretation of the story is similar, just now includes the visual element of the barking dog and the guardians on the side, unable to aid the boy. Both story versions come from Antiquity.As I began analyzing this capital, it took me a patch to get a grasp on what was going on. There is a lot of content crammed into a small space on this capital. All the figures are oversized and in extremely close proximity to one another. I noticed the caricature-like portrayal of the figures. This seems to be the case in all the capitals at Vzelay. I was particularly interested in the facial expressions. The face of Ganymede is filled with dear and confusion as he hangs upside down. The dog looks frightening and angry, but it is unclear to me if he is sided with Jupiters eagle or if he is... ... Meaning on a Capital Representing the Fall of Man. Tradito 55 (2000) 105-123.Forsyth, Ilene H. The Ganymede Capital at Vzelay. Gesta 15, No. 1/2. Essays in Honor of SumnerMcKnight Crosby. (1976) 241- 246.Kolve, V. A. Ganymede/Son of Getron Medieval Monasticism and the Drama of Same-Sex Desire. Speculum 73, No. 4 (1998) 1014-1067.Mills, Robert. Gender, Sodomy, Friendship, and the Medieval Anchorhold. Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures 36, No. 1 (2010) 1-27.Quinn, Patricia A. Better Than the Sons of Kings Boys and Monks in the Early Middle Ages. (New York, 1988)Van Buren, Anne H. Review of Ganymed Studien zur Typologie, Ikonographie und Ikonologie by Gerda Kempter. Speculum 57, No. 3 (1982) 624-625.Wolfthal, Diane. A Hue and a Cry Medieval Rape Imagery and Its Transformation. The Art Bulletin 75, No. 1 (1993) 39-64.

Biometrics: The Science of Human Recognition :: Research Science Papers

biostatistics The Science of human Recognition As our society be coifs more(prenominal) and more modernized so does our need for more sophisticated ways to identify people for who they really atomic number 18. Biometrics is the science of human credit entry. With this rapid movement to develop this untried technology, many companies have come out with different ways to distinguish people. Some of these freshly forms of credit entry include retinal examine, iris perception, finger imaging, hand geometry, face fruition, voice recognition and signature recognition. These forms of distinguish people may be tough down into two basic categories physical characteristics and personal traits. Physical characteristics are specific to each person. A physical characteristic is as unique as a persons DNA code. A personal trait is a means that is often unique to each person. The only problem with the recognition of this style is that it may often change as a person grows and matur es. Retinal scanning falls into the category of scanning for physical characteristics. It is performed by snappy a laser beam off the cornea, which then absorbs specific frequencies of light according to that persons specific cornea. The light that is not absorbed bounces sticker into the machine and is then read. The machine is able to recognize the unabsorbed frequencies of light as, Frank Turco. Another new physical biometrics system is iris recognition. Iris recognition is similar to retinal scanning. The colored area of the eye that surrounds the pupil has many lines randomly placed. These lines are specific to each individual like a barcode is to a product. Again, a laser scans the eye and recognizes the bars of the iris as a person. Amazing isnt it? Iris canning tends to be more drug user friendly because you slangt need to be as close to the machine when it is scanning your iris. You may be up to nine inches away, where as with retinal scanning you may only be one to two inches away. The reason iris scanning is more user friendly is because when utilized by the public many transmitted diseases may be passes along by the machine because of it close contact with the person. Face recognition is similar to the way we recognize people. A computer would be utilized to take a photo of each person and then analyze it. The computers outline of the photo would use facial geometry to recognize each person.Biometrics The Science of Human Recognition Research Science PapersBiometrics The Science of Human Recognition As our society becomes more and more modernized so does our need for more sophisticated ways to identify people for who they really are. Biometrics is the science of human recognition. With this rapid movement to develop this new technology, many companies have come out with different ways to distinguish people. Some of these new forms of recognition include retinal scanning, iris recognition, finger imaging, hand geometry, face recognition, voice recognition and signature recognition. These forms of distinguish people may be broken down into two basic categories physical characteristics and personal traits. Physical characteristics are specific to each person. A physical characteristic is as unique as a persons DNA code. A personal trait is a style that is often unique to each person. The only problem with the recognition of this style is that it may often change as a person grows and matures. Retinal scanning falls into the category of scanning for physical characteristics. It is performed by bouncing a laser beam off the cornea, which then absorbs specific frequencies of light according to that persons specific cornea. The light that is not absorbed bounces back into the machine and is then read. The machine is able to recognize the unabsorbed frequencies of light as, Frank Turco. Another new physical biometrics system is iris recognition. Iris recognition is similar to retinal scanning. The colored area of the eye t hat surrounds the pupil has many lines randomly placed. These lines are specific to each individual like a barcode is to a product. Again, a laser scans the eye and recognizes the bars of the iris as a person. Amazing isnt it? Iris canning tends to be more user friendly because you dont need to be as close to the machine when it is scanning your iris. You may be up to nine inches away, where as with retinal scanning you may only be one to two inches away. The reason iris scanning is more user friendly is because when utilized by the public many communicable diseases may be passes along by the machine because of it close contact with the person. Face recognition is similar to the way we recognize people. A computer would be utilized to take a photo of each person and then analyze it. The computers analysis of the photo would use facial geometry to recognize each person.

The Importance of Caliban in William Shakespeares The Tempest Essay

The Importance of Caliban in William Shakespeares The Tempest This thing of darkness, I must get laid mine. Although many seem baffled by Shakespeares The Tempest, the plot is not the target to be deciphered. We understand The Tempest through understanding the character of Caliban. Many works highlight the virtuous side of human nature, failing to acknowledge the darkness that lives within the hearts of all. The Tempest is not one of these works. This story substantiates that it is impossible to have the good aspect of human nature without the bad. Caliban helps the reader realize that the difference between good and bad people is the way in which the hidden dark side manifests itself to the outside world. Ostensibly, The Tempest is a play found around Prospero his power to punish versus his power to forgive. ?Many scholars believe that this is a semi-autobiographical work, written towards the end of Shakespeares literary career?(Davidson 241). This idea is reinforced throughout the play, especially towards the end and in the epilogue ...my ending is despair, Unless I be relieved by prayer. And Ill break my staff, Bury it in certain fathoms in the earth, And deeper than did ever plump sound Ill drown my book (i.e. his tools that work the magic) Therefore, our understanding of Calibans position in the play is of great import. Critics debate on whether his... ... Interpretation. In The Tempest A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225-263. Kermode, Frank. Introduction. The Tempest. By William Shakespeare. Cambridge Harvard UP, 1958. xlii. Palmer, D. J. (Editor) The Tempest - A Selection of Critical Essays London MacMillan Press Ltd., 1977. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans, et. al. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. Solomon, Andrew. A Reading of the Tempest. In Shakespeares Late Plays. Ed. Richard C. Tobias and Paul G. Zolbrod. Athens Ohio UP, 1974. 232-265 conjuration Wilde rs lecture on The Tempest given at Oxford University - Worcester College - August 4th, 1999.

The Primacy of Poetry: On Tita Chico’s The Arts of Beauty: Women’s Cos

On Tita Chicos The graphicss of Beauty Womens Cosmetics and pontiffs Ekphrasis In The Arts of Beauty Womens Cosmetics and popes Ekphrasis, Tita Chico contends that ekphrastic representations of women in The Rape of the Lock and Epistle to a Lady indicate Popes privileging poetic artistry over the art of cosmetics. In both poems, Pope exploits the humiliation of a cosmetically constructed woman in an effort to assert the command of his own artistic authority (Chico 4). Chico uses other scholarsLaura Brown, Christa Knellwolf, and Felicity Naussbaum chief among themto anchor the origins of her argument, but she immediately addresses their respective limitations. She gently criticizes other scholars for privileging the purely social aspects of Rape, thereby neglecting the implications of Popes aesthetic form. Exploring poetic form with particular attention to ekphrastic representation and the mock-epic genre enables Chico to extrapolate social significance and assert that aesthetic plectron signifies Popes concern regarding the inherent value of different arts. That is, Popes heavily ekphrastic method of female representation effectively demeans cosmetic artistry, age lionizing his art of the masterfully crafted poem. Pope sought to keep the art of beauty in checkalleges Chicoas the power of cosmetic beauty threatened to emasculate the attestor (11). Chico offers a compelling evaluation of the relationship between Pope and his subject, particularly in her discussion of To a Lady, where the primacy of poetry over physical beauty is closely evident. Rather than looking at female portraits, reading Popes poetry is the best way to seek truth about women (18). Chico shrewdly asserts t... ...Chico reiterates in her conclusion that Pope scorned cosmetics on account of their capacity to grant women artistic agency and render them evermore beautiful. And, as Chico most successfully maintains, Pope repeatedly conveyed the limitations of physical sple ndor fake pretense and transience chief among themwhile privileging the power of his own poetic capabilities. 1 Chico discusses the following works John Gauden, ordinal century author of A Discourse of Artificial Beauty and In Point of Conscience between Two Ladies, argued that cosmetics enabled women to display their piety and goodness The Art of Beauty, a 1719 poem by J.B., borrows Belinda as a character and satirizes the utter fatuity of the cosmetic realm Joseph Addison and Richard Steeles 1711 Spectator 11 chastises cosmetics and derisively labels these artificial women Picts (5).

The Primacy of Poetry: On Tita Chico’s The Arts of Beauty: Women’s Cos

On Tita Chicos The Arts of Beauty Womens Cosmetics and pontiffs Ekphrasis In The Arts of Beauty Womens Cosmetics and pontiffs Ekphrasis, Tita Chico contends that ekphrastic representations of women in The Rape of the Lock and Epistle to a Lady indicate Popes privileging poetic artistry over the art of cosmetics. In both poems, Pope exploits the humiliation of a cosmetically constructed woman in an effort to assert the supremacy of his own artistic authority (Chico 4). Chico uses other scholarsLaura Brown, Christa Knellwolf, and Felicity Naussbaum foreland among themto lynchpin the origins of her argument, but she immediately addresses their respective limitations. She gently criticizes other scholars for privileging the purely social aspects of Rape, thereby neglecting the implications of Popes aesthetic form. Exploring poetic form with particular caution to ekphrastic representation and the mock-epic genre enables Chico to extrapolate social significance and assert that aesthetic choice signifies Popes concern regarding the inherent value of different arts. That is, Popes heavily ekphrastic method of female representation effectively demeans cosmetic artistry, while lionizing his art of the masterfully crafted poem. Pope sought to keep the art of saucer in checkalleges Chicoas the power of cosmetic beauty threatened to emasculate the viewer (11). Chico offers a compelling evaluation of the relationship between Pope and his subject, especially in her discussion of To a Lady, where the primacy of poetry over physical beauty is most evident. Rather than looking at female portraits, reading Popes poetry is the best way to seek truth about women (18). Chico shrewdly asserts t... ...Chico reiterates in her conclusion that Pope scorned cosmetics on account of their capacity to pass women artistic agency and render them evermore beautiful. And, as Chico most successfully maintains, Pope repeatedly conveyed the limitations of physical splendor artificial pretense and transience chief among themwhile privileging the power of his own poetic capabilities. 1 Chico discusses the following works John Gauden, seventeenth century author of A Discourse of Artificial Beauty and In Point of Conscience between Two Ladies, argued that cosmetics enabled women to display their piety and goodness The Art of Beauty, a 1719 poem by J.B., borrows Belinda as a character and satirizes the unwrap fatuity of the cosmetic realm Joseph Addison and Richard Steeles 1711 Spectator 11 chastises cosmetics and derisively labels these artificial women Picts (5).

Design of Gsm Based Power Management

Abstract Monitoring of power has been a neglected ara in developing countries particularly, Nigeria. Most of these developing countries cook always been set about the problem of irregular power emerge non because they do non realise the capacity to generate the required electricity supply that failure to manage or varan power consumption by their appliances. The lack of power management result in the development of a GSM establish power management schema. This system totallyows monitoring and control power consumption by household appliances.The GSM technology is well deployed in most authentic countries receivable to its features like easy interfacing with appliances via radio frequency, accessibility at remote area. In this paper, software and hardware were developed. The software allows the exploiter of the system to signal for an follow up from the hardware components. The micro-controller is connected with GSM and relays each of which controls its connected powe r outlets. GSM based power management is convenient, more secure, less costly and user friendly for end user. It is truly useful in the area of power management.Keyword GSM, Power, Network, Electricity. Introduction Power management has been an area of neglect mostly in the developing nations of the world. Most developing countries run with with(predicate) always been batling with the problem of constant power supply not because they do not view as the capacity to generate the required electricity supply but because they have failed in their culture of management. Management has been an issue with developing countries. That is the main difference between developed countries and developing countries, Nigeria being a developing country, is not any better.It is as well as affected with the poor management virus and power is also part of the things marjoly mismanaged in this part of the world. Timo (2002) researches and studies have shown that Nigeria is one of the blessed count ries in terms of natural resources but due to poor management culture we have failed as a nation in harnessing them properly, and for the resources we have harnessed we have ref apply to gain a total control over them. Often times, people consume power without being made responsible for it.Responsibility in this sense goes beyond the payment of bills which is being calculated by estimation which is done by the power regulating body the power holding company of Nigeria. In grab of this problem, the power holding company of Nigeria which is the power regulating body of the country (Nigeria) tried to curb this power consumption mismanagement issue by introducing an electronic digitized meter which is pre-paid and it is called a pre paid meter. With the introduction of pre-paid meter bursting charge system to consumers, their power consumption have changed and have increased tremendously.The billing system have became outrageous so there has been an issue of how to manage power by a h ousehold in order to be able to consume a specific amount of power so that bills will be strictly based on the amount of power consumed. Limitation This design is only enforced for a home that does not consume more than 200w of power. It has been designed to accommodate only four appliances whose sum total of power rating must not exceed 200w GSM Technology As mentioned by Timo (2002), GSM is widely deployed and is a growing technology supporting a number of new occupations being used for it.GSM is a digital cellular radio system that operates on two frequency bands 900 and 1800MHz. It is a European standard but now has been globally accepted, that reduces the cost of manufacturing and increases the commercialise target. Standardizations are still evolving and so far they have had up to two phases 1 and 2. (GSM Technical Specification, 2007) This evolution has achieved eminenter operational boundaries to what was expected at the ancestry of the technology. Some of the excepted features of the system are High audio quality and integrating. High level of security preventing fraud and boasting confidentiality. -International and intersystem roaming. -Low cost infrastructure and interpretability with existing infrastructure. GSM architecture A GSM system as defined could be thought of as a combination of three subsystems Base station subsystem (BSS), Network subsystem and operational and alimony subsystem (Vijay, K. G. , and Joseph, E. W. 2009). Base station subsystem is a radio link subsystem and is responsible for management of connection including handovers of calls from coverage area (cell) to cell.BSS is formed by a combination of supple set (MS), Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC) several BTSs are connected and controlled by a single BSC. This single BSC is responsible for handover, radio link control and power control for transmission. The network subsystem is the core of the GSM system. It controls mobility, switching and management of the subscriber. It consist of switching centre (MSC), Visitor Location Register (VLR), billet Location Register (HLR),Authentication Centre (AUC), and Equipment Identity Register (EIR).One MSC is communicating with number of BSCs, and therefore it is used for call setup, routing and handover between the two subsystems. Also for billing purposes MSC is in control. (Siegmund, M. R. Matthins, K. W. and Malcolm W. O. 2005). The four data bases for control and network management are AUC, EIR, HLR, and VLR they operate almost the same way. HLR is a database for mobile sets registered to a particular mobile network. And a MS is registered to only one HLR even if the network has many HLRs. This database is usually combined with the AUC. Together they are responsible for armed inspection and repair profile and routine information.AUC verifies authenticity of the subscriber and provides the HLR with ciphering information for mobile transportation. VLR is usually combined with MSC and called MSC/VLR, provides location information to the servicing MSC. This is a database of all roaming MS in a particular MSC, and database is updated as soon as a mobile set leaves the MSC. The HLR is notified of where the MS is, so that all the calls to that particular MS are re-routed correctly. This does not mean VLR green goddessnot control call setup by itself, it has all the needed information and it acts like a moving HLR.EIR is a database that stores the identity operator of each MS. Each MS has a unique identifier called identity mobile equipment identity (IMEI). This database can be used to stop giving service to a stolen set. The operation and maintenance (OMC) subsystem is responsible for maintenance of the entire network and GSM equipment, therefore it needs to be connected to all equipment in the BSC and switching system. Also, communication with these equipment should be guaranteed so that at all times it can monitor and update the entire system.Accordi ng to English, J. , Fielding, E. , and Howard, N. (2002), the network used to communicate is different from the one subscribers are victimization usually a fixed signaling network is used such as SS7, GSM network has also an optional part called fiddling message service center (SMSC). This was developed after the realization that not only voice communication can be asideered through network but also short message and data can be transmitted. Peter, H. A. (2007) defined short message as a message of less than or equal to 150 characters.The SMSC stores the move messages until it can find the destination addressed in the message. The period of storing a message is dependent on the service provider. Fig 1 Overview of GSM architecture Asha, M. (2006) parcel Basically the response of the micro-controller to the signal or message from the GSM is being controlled through a program written in micro-basic which hardwired on the micro-controller. The user interface which allows the user to select appliance(s) to be turned OFF or ON was designed and coded in visual basic 6 languages.The choice of visual basic was due to its flexibility. This program communicates with the micro-controller by sending the option of the user (i. e. to turn on or off) through the one the messages from the monitoring peals to the micro-controller of which in turn effects the necessity action. The program was written in such a manner that the phone might require an administrator, which users personal can turn off appliances on which getup he so desires to turn off at a particular point in time or allows automatically switches off appliances on ports fit to priority.HardwareThis involves arrangement of several components which are integrated together to form a circuitry device that performs a function switching off and on ports which serves power to the following appliances. Working Operation of the Model The following are the components that constitute the block diagram of the model Fig. 2. Block Diagram of the Model Step-Down Transformer. Power is feed into the circuit through the mains and is step-down to 12v which is the required potential difference for the circuit. This is rectified apply device and also filtered with the aid of a filtering capacitor.The essence of this is to turn the AC potential drop from the mains to DC voltage because the micro-controller is powered by a DC source. The micro-controller requires just 5v to power, so the 12v is attempted using resistors (potential divider). Voltage Transformer This is used in measuring the voltage flowing through the appliance and is rectified using half-wave rectification and also filtered using a capacitor. The input impedance from the analogue signal must not be higher than 2km, the buffer amplifier is used to achieve this purpose. It has unity gain amplifier to ensure input is replicated at the output.The buffer amplifier consists of operational amplifier. Current Transformer This provides isolation and also steps down authentic. In practice, it is difficult to find a current transformer, so we made the primary side of a voltage transformer to function as the secondary thereby making it work as current transformer. The analogue to digital circuit in the micro-controllers needs analogue voltage and not current, the current flowing is made to pass over a resistor to give a voltage that is proportional to the current flowing. This resistor is called the shunt resistor and should be as low as possible.This voltage measured is posterior converted to current through the aid of the code. Micro-Controller The micro-controller used here is the PIC16F877A type. It provides the following in the functions in the model. ? Digitization of both the current and voltage measured and the resultant power ? Multiplication of the measured parameters (current and voltage) to give power the current and voltage measure is provide into the micro-controller where the multiplier circuit embedded in i t multiplies them to obtain power ? Conversion of binary digitals to BCD. The binary digits coming as output from the multiplier needs to be converted to BCD.The power that is being calculated is sent phone, and the program picks this up and compares it if it is within the limit of the power consumption that is allowed. If it is more than the limit, the administrators can switch off which ever appliance that is of lower priority to him or her. The phone might be put on automatic, which on its own turns off appliance based on its order of priority. Relay Switches When the computer does the comparison, it then sends a request back to the controller which in turn excites the relay that controls the appliance to be controlled, each to be turned OFF or ON.Seven Segment Display The BCD generated by the micro controller will be periled on the seven segment display which eradicates the need for a seven segment decoder and its driver. Radio Frequency Communication between the phone and the microprocessor is achieved by radio frequency technology used by the GSM. Initial Testing and Setting of the Model The monitoring phone must be configure with the application used and it must support it. The application configured onto the GSM has a default number which will be allowed to communicate with the micro-controller.All the four appliances were set to OFF initially before they were being controlled by the GSM through the following steps. ? Go to the application from the mobile phone. ? Then mobile control menu from the application. ? Select mark or check on the appliance you handle to turn on. Software Implementation The operational implementation of the system is in software, implication its control is software based. The processor is programmed to be in continuous polling mode, meaning its operation is not triggered by an interrupt but rather continuously executing the code as long as it is powered.This kind of operation may be costly for non critical kinds of commun ication but good for real time communication. As mentioned earlier that the starting of the system operation is when the GSM reads the message through reading RS232 port at the decided band rate, and convert it to BCD which the micro-controller understands. Hardware Implementation The implementation of hardware begins with the message received by the GSM phone which later converted to a BCD in form of tone and sent to the micro-controller. Microcontrollers in turn send signals to the relays to witch OFF or ON the particular appliances as the case may be. Sending Message to the Mobile Station Message could be sent to check the status and control the appliances from any other configured GSM paired with the base phone (i. e. connected with the circuit) Checking of the Status. To check for the status of the appliances from any distance, the steps to follow are the following apply the contact option from the phone application. Go to the GSM contact to change destination number to def aulted number. Then go to appliance control. Type the request message using the format *MWM* status request Press sendThe status of the appliances will be automatically sent back to the GSM. Control of the Appliances from the Remote Area. The following steps must be followed when controlling the appliances ? Open the contact option from the GSM application ? Go to the GSM contact to change destination number to the defaulted number. ? Then go to appliance control. ? Type the request message using the format *MWM* appliance number* action ON (1) or OFF (0) * acknowledgement ? Press send. Performance of the Model The model built was tested by connecting four appliances whose sum total of power consumption was not more than 200w.The system worked perfectly well. Also we set the range of power consumption to 150w, this indicates that whenever appliances are connected to it and their sum total power consumption is more than 150w, then the user turns off any of the appliances or the sy stem automatically turns it off or on. Conclusion and Recommendations From the design and the implementation of the system presented in this document, it can be concluded that GSM system could crystallise many of the challenges most developing countries are facing particularly the problem of misuse of power supply.Because of the flexibility and ease of the system design, GSM system could be adapted for any application ranging from control of appliances to monitoring remotely. Also, the high level of security of the GSM network is an advantage for securing data transmission therefore this system should be implemented without fear of eavesdroppers for future this system can solve many technological challenges, for example a company manager could use his GSM set anywhere in the world and log data to his system allowing him to monitor power consumption in semi-real time to reduce cost.The system could be used in manufacturing industry, for example to monitor the consumption of power us ed by each equipment used for production thereby useful for cost benefit measurement. There are number of applications that could be developed with the system, and for further security measures, the system could be developed such that it connects to severance cameras, allowing the user to visually see his assets at anytime, anywhere. Also, it would be nice to develop the system such that it can convert the message into voice so as to accommodate blind users.As mentioned earlier that this system is not complex to assemble, and the fact that the GSM technology is everywhere means it can be sold at an affordable price. References Asha, M. (2006) GSM System Engineering. New York Artech House. Charles, R. K. Morris, M. (2001) Logic And Computer Design Fundamentals. London Prentice Hall. English, J. Fielding, E. Howard, N (2002) Professional Communication fifth Edition Maidenhead Open University Press.GSM Technical Specification(2007) Digital Cellular Telecommunications System. London Cro om Helm. Peter, H. A. (2007) Pic 16C84 Outputting To A Serial Device Baltimore Morgan State University. Siegmund, M. R. , Matthins, K. W. and Malcolm, W. O. (2005) An Introduction to GSM. Boston Arteer Honge. Timo, H. Javier, R. and Juan Meler. (2002) GSM, GPRS and march Performance. New York John Wiley and sons. Vijay, K. G. Joseph, E. W (2009) Principles and Applications of GSM. London Prentice Hall. pic

Cognitive Interventions Essay

The only thing that tells every peerless apart from everyone else is each individuals genetic make-up. And there is only one exception and that would identical twins, because no two people are the same. This foundation be said true ab turn up the way we all think. There is no one person that thinks the same as the next person. People believe that we are all born innocent and that we are pure in thoughts and in behavior. There are many different factors that can and whatsoevertimes do influence how a person is ascendencyled by his/her cognitive ability to think show up front acting. There are people who do a better than others can.There are people who have certain psychological problems that seek out stand by from a therapist to bother a handle on their problems. One of most popular therapy would be cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). The base of this theory is that about of the behaviors are caused by a persons inner thoughts or by mental inability to deal with problems or eve nts in our lives. In this paper, I will summarize the article Abuse-Focused Cognitive behavioural Therapy for Child Physical Abuse, that describe Abuse-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT) and the use of AF-CBT in adolescent anger management. bind Summary Childhood anger can be tiger by many different factors, thoughts or even events during a tyke early life. A young child is not able to express their feels in a correct way, so they have problems in dealing with their anger. This could also be that they were neer taught by his/her parents how to handle their emotions. A good example would be a friend of mine that has a child with some deep rooted problems, When surface-to-air missile get angry he will not able to express how he feels so he acts out towards anyone that is near him.At Christmas time I brought him a soccer ball that he wanted and when he opened it he just threw it to one side, so he was punishment, sent to his room, when he came out the looks in his eyes jus t plain scared me. I have seen that look in a person who just committed a murder. stone-cold and dark look is what this child has. Most children with this type of problems, it could be a result of subvert in the home by one or twain parents, and the type of outcry could be physical or sexual. At the time of the abuse the child may feel that they could not fight off the person who is abusing him or they are so scared to tell anyone.When this time of situation has occurred the child is not able to handle so they will out and get into trouble. They may start getting into trouble at school, start handling out with the wrong crowds and getting into serious trouble with the law. The child may travel involved with sex, alcohol and drugs, sometimes the child could turn out to be an abuser also. Children will do this to get away from their home life and the pain. If the abuse was discover at an early age, and then the child can be remove from the home and has a better chance to get the rapy and could turn out to shape.This way the hate and anger can be redirected to a more positive avenue. It difficult for a child to understand why things happened to them and but to be able to speak to someone that can be able to help them understand that it was no their fault and help them heal their emotional wounds. Unfortunately, the affective of the abuse may follow the person throughout their life in many different forms. It can affect their children and even their partners. They may became have problems like neat overweight so they will not be attractive to men. They also can be very sexually active.Being in therapy as a child they can be with other children that have been threw the same as the child and could help to release their anger, it could also help them from staying away from trouble and from suspension system out with the wrong people. This would help the child to focus more on school and what is important to the child. The cognitive behavior theory is known to help child that are victims of abuse cases whether it is physical or sexual and the parents that are the abusers, that may help them to reestablish a relationship between parents and children.Abuse-Focused Cognitive Behavioral TherapyThe main(prenominal) usage of the Abuse-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT) is working with children and their families that have suffered sexual or physical abuse the environment is very hostile, the child may be orbit coercion and are aggression when the family is present. AF-CBT is also used for children with behavioral problems much(prenominal) as Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. AF-CBT is right for children who are the ages of 5-15, who exhibit some direct of behavioral or emotional dysfunction and for parents or care defyrs who may resort to uncomfortable or unsafe levels of physical punishment.The goal of this therapy is to reduce the level of physical abuse risk factors of the caregiver or family and to reduce the consequences of these experiences for the children. The primary focus is behavior management, social skills, training, cognitive restructuring, problem-solving skills, and communications skills for the caregivers level of anger and promote nonaggressive discipline strategies, to enhance a childs coping skills, and encourage problem-solving and communication.There are cardinal stages of AF-CBT process, each of the steps consisting in multiple steps that involve the child and the parent(s) separately and jointly. This type of treatment would be taken place as outpatient or in a setting that ongoing contact with the caregiver and the child. The treatment should take place twice a week for approximately three to six months. Abuse-Focus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in an Adolescent Anger-Management, the important part is to be able know how to control anger. Everyone can control their anger and being angry is a normal part of life.Just like everyone else, adolescent are no exceptio n. The only exception is that adolescent can take their anger to the extreme and their action may not be called normal when angered. There is one way to help the adolescent to control their anger is by cognitive therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy can occur in many different ways, the most common is the one-to-one talk with the adolescents. Once the problem is out in the open, the therapist may give the adolescent advice and to show how to control or redirected their anger.It is a success when one discovers the problem using the cognitive behavioral therapy. Now that the adolescent is able to control their anger it more benefit for those who are around the adolescent, it does benefit both parties. With aggressive or violent behavior the AF-CBT will target in three ways in which people can deal with the situations 1) Cognition (thinking), 2) Affect (feeling), and 3) Behavior (doing). AF-CBT use many different techniques that are used by practitioners, such as behavior and anger man agement, problem solving, social skills training, and cognitive restructuring.All programs require proper training in different areas, especially with psychological skills so that enhancing interpersonal effectiveness and self-control is maintained. Conclusion The article explains to us how to deal with child and adolescent in dealing with their anger due to physical or sexual abuse to them and to be able overcome their anger and to deal with feelings as well as their families. The primary goal of AF-CBT is to reduce other behavioral problems in children and adolescent when they grow-up.

Themes…. monsters are due on maple street

People who persevere are not stubborn. 4. Fear a. Fear Is powerful and cigaret take over your mind. B. Sometimes fear Is a reasonable reaction. Other times, fear can be Irrational. C. We should fear ignorant people with the power and authority. D. Ignorant people with power and authority can harm others. E. Fear tends to happen when your rights are gone. F. Fear can cause people to limit your rights. G. Sometimes you leave to face your fears. 5. Trust/mistrust a. Mistrust can lead to confusion. B. Trust takes courage. Sometimes we can trust the wrong person (people). Ere (The Obsolete Man) 6. Leadership a. Dont ceaselessly trust your leaders. B. Not all leaders are trust meritorious. C. Dont follow bad leaders who take away your natural rights to life, liberty, and property. 7. Worthiness a. People who are worthy of leadership are fair, respectful, trustworthy, do whats best for the common good, and dont always make the popular decision, but they try to make the right decision. 8 . Ignorance 9. Absurdity 10. Confusion 11. thought 2.Curiosity 13. Manipulation 14. Truth/lees 15. Misunderstanding 16. Change 18. Blame Have you ever stood on your front porch, looking at a mob of people accuse you of being an alien? Less Goodman, a resident of Maple Street, knows exactly how this feels. In the short story, The Monsters are Due on Maple Street, by Rod Serving on that point is a strong theme of Summary of story here. LadledJeffalkydsaskedsaddlesaddlefjordsSofasJDKAlasdairasidefjordsSofas Thematic statement here. Explanation of statement.

Rustico and Alibech

Rustico and Alibech by Giovanni Boccaccio I tried to find a better picture, or at least the more decent one. But Rustico and Alibech is just a short story piece of literary by Giovanni Boccaccio, and the fact that it was written ages ago, it would front impossible to leastwise find a good cover. Anyway, I wouldnt be doing the reflection about its looks but of course, by its content. I am rightfully wondering why my literature professor loves to give us erotic pieces to read. Just like this schtick.It is misleading. I was reading the first part of this essay with Kath and we were twain so frantic in fully understanding the essence of the piece- not just because of the words per se, but because of the authors interpretations of things such as heaven, put out and hell. The whole story technically revolved around an innocent lass, who was in search for ways to honor God through clergy. She wandered in solitude at the woods of Thebais when she found this pious monk named Rustico.If yo u are going to ask me what kind of remembrance it has given me, Id say that it was when Rustico taught Alibech how to put the deivil privileged hell for the first time. Guys, it means sex. And it didnt just end after that. They had a bunch of that.. and that.. and that But in all those times, Alibech thought that it was still a part of her ministry because Rustico explained to her that whenever they put the devil inside hell, God is pleased. His head is pleased.There was also a time when Alibech no longer enjoy much of it because you know, you know. HAHAHA But then, my best-loved part was when Alibech was forced to go home by I-dont-remember-his-name-anymore to marry him. I dont wanna detail it much, you see. However, when some people asked about her experiences as a hermit, Shed proudly story tell all of it. And then people would laugh because it also happens there- not including of course, the foolishness she abode.

Applied Definition: Virtue Ethics Essay

1. In what ways did the historical context from which faithfulness ethical motive emerged shape its basic principles? Presocratics, regarded as the first philosophers, brought the term logos to philosophy (literal translation word also de nones logic, argument, reason. Aristotles concept of Virtue Ethics regards valet de chambre as rational animals, implying that logos is purely a human trait. Known as Platos most gifted student, Aristotle dis representd with his teachers view that the effect of public lies in some abstract world of Forms or Ideas (Brannigan, 200560).Aristotles point of view directly contrasts his teachers, stating that the source of esteeming comes from concrete, physical reality (Brannigan, 200560). This direct contrast with Plato petabytes to Aristotle opening his own school, which he called the Lyceum. Aristotles Nichomachean Ethics is his literary practiceation of his ethical theories. Aristotle believes that ethics originate from real world experiences, that on that point is not a set of recovers to apply to life that allow for m of age(predicate) us into ethical beings, but rather the individual exists in relationship with others (Brannigan, 200561).Thus, ethics is based upon how the individuals relate to each other and the cultivation of good character. How do we cultivate good character? Aristotle states we must fill up our human nature. He tells us that all things existing in nature have their own specific end purpose, which he refers to as telos (Greek term for specific end). For example, an apple seeds telos would be to grow into an apple tree and produce apples. Aristotle tells us that only humans be capable of using logos as a form of thought, and that all humans are, by nature, rational animals.Therefore, the humans end purpose is to fulfill our human nature as rational animals by decently exercising our reason and he also asserts that, only in this way cease we be genuinely happy (Brannigan, 200562). Furthermore, Aristotle states that all humans have wholeness end end eudaimonia (Greek for happiness), and that happiness is an intrinsic good. Intrinsic good means that we seek happiness for the sake of being happy, and we do not seek happiness to obtain something else.In contrast, instrumental good are steps we take to achieve this intrinsic and ultimate good of happiness. For example, students take college courses to fulfill a requirement, gain understanding, and so on. Regardless of the reason, ultimately students take courses to achieve something, with another goal in mind, thus reservation it an instrumental good. All goods are instrumental, except happiness. Human excellence and telos can be acquired, only when we realize our true natures as rational animals, when we properly exercise our reason through step forward our be intimates (Brannigan, 200562).Aristotle price human excellence with a new name virtue genuine happiness is to live virtuously, and only by living virtuously can we registery happiness, and living virtuously requires making a habit of practicing virtue to cultivate good character. Therefore only those with good character can be truly happy. To live virtuously, we must avoid extremes and maintain a balance, which Aristotle terms as the lucky mean. The well-heeled mean is the balance amidst the extremes, and we must delectation rational thinking and reasoning in a balanced fashion. He distinguished two types of virtues intellectual and moral.Intellectual virtues require us to use out reason in two ways, one practical and one philosophical. First, we reason in order to live practically in our day-to-day lives, which requires us to live sensibly through practical reason (Brannigan, 200564), which Aristotle terms phronesis. Second, we reason for the purpose of discovering higher truths so that we may contemplate higher, more theoretical truths and principles such as the idea of the Good (Brannigan, 200564). Moral virtues (which Aristotle t ermed ethike) focus on our behavior and how we live our lives, and are the focus of Aristotles ethics.Aristotles belief was that moral virtues only came virtually with habitual practice, the Greek word for habit is ethos, which shows the link with ethics. In conclusion, a summary of Aristotles ethical beliefs the goal/aim is to cultivate good character, which can be achieved only through habitual practice of virtue (intellectual and moral), which will create the condition of virtue, thus making us virtuous souls. Repeated actions lead to a condition, which makes an action distinct from a condition, therefore meaning one virtuous act does not make a person virtuous.Rather, acts of virtue must be an ethos(or habit), so that virtuous acts become a sort of second-nature. These repeated acts of virtuous ethos lead to the condition of virtue, and the condition of virtue = good character, and vice versa. Since acts of virtue are not acts of virtue unless logic, reason, and rationalizatio n are utilized to find the golden mean between two possible extremes, one cannot achieve their telos and/or ultimately the condition of happiness, without finding balance in every decision that presents itself and past acting upon this balanced decision.This creates the assumption of a natural link between who we are and what we do, between being and doing. However, doing the right thing simply because you are following a rule or guideline does not make a virtuous person, thus placing the emphasis of Aristotles ethics on being rather than doing, meaning that an honest person will tell the truth because this persons character/being is honest.The reverse of this would be a dishonest person will be dishonest, or a dishonest person will tell the truth because societal rules/guidelines say its the virtuous decision either way, a dishonest persons being and character is passive dishonest, regardless of whether this person tells the truth or not one act of virtue does not equal a virtu ous person. Virtue then is a state of deliberate moral purpose, consisting in a mean relative to ourselves, the mean being determined by reason, or as a discreet man would determine it. (Brannigan, 200588) 2. What would virtue ethics suggest should be done in response to the dilemma of the school child who was made to turn his dress internal out? Why? Virtue ethics really focuses on the golden mean, which is achieved through rational and logical thinking. By avoiding extremes habitually when making decisions, the golden mean can be achieved, leading to a virtuous person, and ultimately happiness and telos this is the only way to truly achieve the ultimate goal of happiness and virtue.Blindly following rules, without rationalization and an effort to avoid extremes, does not make a virtuous person or achieve the golden mean. Thus, being virtuous leads to virtuous and ethical actions, but not vice versa. In the case of the principal, a virtue ethicist would argue that the principal was tho following a rule, therefore the action was not virtuous. However, the principal also exhibited balance between extremes, by making the child turn the shirt inside out behind a tree the principal could have made an extreme choice by either ignoring the childs shirt (and the rule in place) and lettinghim/her wear this shirt through the rest of the school day (deficit), or by sending the child home for the day (or longer) as punishment for wearing a shirt that breaks the dress code. When you look at the parents actions and choices from a virtue ethicists point of view, they have missed the golden mean when making decisions. In regards to the choice of dressing their child in a University of Michigan shirt, a virtue ethicist would state that this decision showed ignorance (since they were provided with a student handbook, which has dress code guidelines), but only if they neglected to read rules that they were provided with.If they simply werent provided with such rules, they s till exhibited ignorance, but not because of being ignorant. If they read these rules and opted not to follow them because they did not agree, then they should be applauded for not blindly following rules for the sake of following them. However, the decision to send their child to school in a shirt that breaks the rules could be argued as a balanced decision. The deficit decision would be sending the child in all Oklahoma college apparel, vindicatory to stay within the guidelines the extreme would be sending their child in a completed University of Michigan football uniform.It is clear that the parents miss finding the golden mean when deciding how to express their feelings about the rule, by going to the extreme and manner of speaking it to the medias attention (they could have met with school boards, or even the principal, to prove to compromise). They also are on the extreme side of things when they accept gifts from the university (who surely appreciated the attention brought by the media). 3. Using your own personal ethical beliefs, in what ways do you agree or disagree with the decision and the reasoning used to reach the decision in the above question?I agree with the final statements brought out by fetching a virtue ethical perspective, such as the principal making a balanced choice when taking action about the shirt, the parents possibly being ignorant of the rule through personal neglect or neglect from the school, and the choices the parents made following the shirt start being extreme. However, I do not necessarily agree with how these outcomes were achieved through this view.First, I agree that there is a balance that needs to be achieved (or atleast attempt to be achieved) in most of the decisions and actions we make daily, but I do not thing that non-ethical choices and actions are made because the persons being is bad. I feel like good people can and do make ignorant, unethical, or bad choices vice versa being true as well. While I believ e that being and doing definitely shape each other, I do not feel that one is formed ultimately by the other. As far as what I feel should have been done in this situation, I agree with the principals decision.Maybe the code needs refined a little, but your 5 year old having to turn his/her shirt inside out is a much better option than your 5 year old getting shot because the shirt holds a different meaning to a gang member. In class, it was argued that the University of Michigans logo held no meaning to the local anesthetic gangs, but that does not eliminate the chance of the logo being mistaken for something else, or even influencing a gang we dont know about. The possibility that your childs safety is in question should be plenty enough reason for the parents to, at the very least, complain to the school board quite of the media.The fact that the parents brought the media into the situation, I feel, decreases the credibility of their complaint, especially since they ultimately prospered from the incident and the resulting media attention (game tickets, university apparel, and so on). If the principal had ignored the shirt, let the child wear it throughout the day, and then the child became the victim of gang-related violence because of his shirt, Im sure the parents would hold a different view-point about the rule and still end up bringing the issue to the medias attention.

Adlerian Theory-Birth Order, Gender, Family Values

Adlerians Family form Focusing on Birth Order, gender, and Family Values Brittany Teal Bellevue University Applied talk over Theories March 27, 2012 Abstract Diving into Adlerians Theory and focus on family, there ar tether main components to take into consideration to restrain how fryren tycoon be be as bragging(a)s. The trinity factors include parenthood set up, gender, and family values. Birth order contribute make a difference in defining adult personality and behaviors. Gender can dawdle a role with its views of society and the acceptance of the up kept expectations.Family values play a role merely because it sterilises who the family is and makes the hereafter generations structured and stable. Adlerians Family Constellation Focusing on Birth Order, Gender, and Family Values Focusing on how ones life may be affected behaviorally and psychologically can be based off of the factors that are out of an man-to-mans control. When stating this sentence, it may seem confusing to know that an one-on-one had the possibility of world judged or be on the day they were born.With this being said, the uncontrollable, but life-shaping factors include birth order, gender, and family values. Although it is important to none that these factors ordain not ever so determine the life outcome of an individual, they will, however, form a formation of life for an individual to follow. Bringing attention to birth order first, knowing how the first born, middle, and stick up born nipper can be affected immediately can possibly define a lot about how the individuals future could turn out. The first born child can ofttimes be described as the busy, attention receiver (Shulman & Mosak 1977).On the flip side, the first born oftentimes is held to the highest expectations to uphold in the future imputable to the self control and respectful domineer they portray. The reason for this can be based off of the parents abilities to revolve their lives around engagi ng their child in multiple activities and organizations. This can have a lasting result on the child into maturity date in the case where they are attention requirement due to the loss of receiving it for the time they did when they were young (Carlson & Sperry 2006).Next the focus moves to the middle child. The middle child seems to be the one acquiring loss in the mix and often found in a competition for attention (Shulman & Mosak 1977). In to the highest degree cases, the middle child is one who does not get to participate in as many activities as the first born, but still gets involvement in major activities and functions (Shulman & Mosak 1977). The middle child can also sometimes be know as the diplomat. They are this simply because they get caught up in the middle between the oldest and youngest sibling.Often times it becomes natural obligation for the middle child to be the intermediary between siblings (Shulman & Mosak 1977). Finally we move onto the last born child, the baby. The last born child can be defined as ambitious. An explanation to support this account is that the youngest sibling is often times surrounded by mature adults who seem to give much attention (Shulman & Mosak 1977). They also have this modus vivendi due to being dependent on the older influences in their lives.When this type of behavior is allowed at a young age, the child grows into maturity with knowing no different. On the incontrovertible side of this, the ambition the youngest child displays can often times result in success and a scintillating future for the youngest born (Carlson & Sperry 2006). All in all, there can sometimes be more children in the mix, but results stay similar to the main three orders listed. Next the focus turns to gender effect on individuals as they enter adulthood from the Adlerian views.When a child is born, he or she is automatically placed into the grateful gender roles of society. When this occurs and as the child ages, he or she will decided whether or not they want to accept, reject, or adapt to the role expectations that they are disposed(p) (Lindsey & Christie 1997). This becomes very challenging to exactly define how an individual will be affected into adulthood due to the outside factors and influences that can take a chime on ones life. Gender roles are something usually defined in childhood and carried into adulthood, ut as society changes and roles become more adverse, it is uncontrollable to say how set and stone these roles will be (Carlson & Sperry 2006). Overall, it is obvious one picks up gender roles on the day they are born, but it is up to the individual themselves to decide whether or not they want to maintain those roles throughout their lifestyle. Finally family values come into the picture when defining an individual as an adult. Family values are not only just standards up kept by family, but more or less what create a baseboard for the function of a family.There are multiple compon ents that get taken into consideration when focusing just on family values and they are the beliefs, morals, and convictions that both the mother and father have implied to their family lifestyle (Juel 1993). With these factors being apparent at birth and throughout childhood, the individuals have choices as to whether or not they want to agree, disagree, or adopt their own family values. In most cases, children carry these values through adulthood which results in the family lifestyle getting pasted from generation to generation.To sum it all up, it takes cooperation and trust for a family to clearly define and keep family values a customs duty throughout a lifetime. References Carlson, J. , & Sperry, L. (2006). Adlerian therapy. Relationship Dysfunction A Practitioners Guide to Comparative Treatments, 102. Juel, E. J. (1993). Non-Traditional Family Values Providing Quasi-Marital Rights to Same-Sex Couples. BC Third creation LJ, 13, 317. Lindsey, L. L. , Christie, S. (1997). Ge nder roles. Prentice Hall. Shulman, B. H. , Mosak, H. H. (1977). Birth order and ordinal position Two Adlerian views. Journal of Individual Psychology, 33(1), 114-121.Adlerian Theory-Birth Order, Gender, Family ValuesAdlerians Family Constellation Focusing on Birth Order, Gender, and Family Values Brittany Teal Bellevue University Applied Counseling Theories March 27, 2012 Abstract Diving into Adlerians Theory and focus on family, there are three main components to take into consideration to define how children might be defined as adults. The three factors include birth order, gender, and family values. Birth order can make a difference in defining adult personality and behaviors. Gender can play a role with its views of society and the acceptance of the up kept expectations.Family values play a role simply because it defines who the family is and makes the future generations structured and stable. Adlerians Family Constellation Focusing on Birth Order, Gender, and Family Values Fo cusing on how ones life may be affected behaviorally and psychologically can be based off of the factors that are out of an individuals control. When stating this sentence, it may seem confusing to know that an individual had the possibility of being judged or defined on the day they were born.With this being said, the uncontrollable, but life-shaping factors include birth order, gender, and family values. Although it is important to note that these factors will not always determine the life outcome of an individual, they will, however, create a formation of life for an individual to follow. Bringing attention to birth order first, knowing how the first born, middle, and last born child can be affected immediately can possibly define a lot about how the individuals future could turn out. The first born child can often be described as the busy, attention receiver (Shulman & Mosak 1977).On the flip side, the first born often is held to the highest expectations to uphold in the future due to the self control and respectful domineer they portray. The reason for this can be based off of the parents abilities to revolve their lives around engaging their child in multiple activities and organizations. This can have a lasting result on the child into adulthood in the case where they are attention seeking due to the loss of receiving it for the time they did when they were young (Carlson & Sperry 2006).Next the focus moves to the middle child. The middle child seems to be the one getting loss in the mix and often found in a competition for attention (Shulman & Mosak 1977). In most cases, the middle child is one who does not get to participate in as many activities as the first born, but still gets involvement in major activities and functions (Shulman & Mosak 1977). The middle child can also sometimes be known as the diplomat. They are this simply because they get caught up in the middle between the oldest and youngest sibling.Often times it becomes natural responsibi lity for the middle child to be the mediator between siblings (Shulman & Mosak 1977). Finally we move onto the last born child, the baby. The last born child can be defined as ambitious. An explanation to support this statement is that the youngest sibling is often times surrounded by mature adults who seem to give much attention (Shulman & Mosak 1977). They also have this lifestyle due to being dependent on the older influences in their lives.When this type of behavior is allowed at a young age, the child grows into adulthood with knowing no different. On the plus side of this, the ambition the youngest child displays can often times result in success and a bright future for the youngest born (Carlson & Sperry 2006). All in all, there can sometimes be more children in the mix, but results stay similar to the main three orders listed. Next the focus turns to gender effects on individuals as they enter adulthood from the Adlerian views.When a child is born, he or she is automatical ly placed into the acceptable gender roles of society. When this occurs and as the child ages, he or she will decided whether or not they want to accept, reject, or adapt to the role expectations that they are given (Lindsey & Christie 1997). This becomes very challenging to exactly define how an individual will be affected into adulthood due to the outside factors and influences that can take a toll on ones life. Gender roles are something usually defined in childhood and carried into adulthood, ut as society changes and roles become more adverse, it is difficult to say how set and stone these roles will be (Carlson & Sperry 2006). Overall, it is obvious one picks up gender roles on the day they are born, but it is up to the individual themselves to decide whether or not they want to maintain those roles throughout their lifestyle. Finally family values come into the picture when defining an individual as an adult. Family values are not only just standards up kept by family, but mo re or less what create a baseboard for the function of a family.There are multiple components that get taken into consideration when focusing just on family values and they are the beliefs, morals, and convictions that both the mother and father have implied to their family lifestyle (Juel 1993). With these factors being apparent at birth and throughout childhood, the individuals have choices as to whether or not they want to agree, disagree, or adopt their own family values. In most cases, children carry these values through adulthood which results in the family lifestyle getting pasted from generation to generation.To sum it all up, it takes cooperation and trust for a family to clearly define and keep family values a tradition throughout a lifetime. References Carlson, J. , & Sperry, L. (2006). Adlerian therapy. Relationship Dysfunction A Practitioners Guide to Comparative Treatments, 102. Juel, E. J. (1993). Non-Traditional Family Values Providing Quasi-Marital Rights to Same-Se x Couples. BC Third World LJ, 13, 317. Lindsey, L. L. , Christie, S. (1997). Gender roles. Prentice Hall. Shulman, B. H. , Mosak, H. H. (1977). Birth order and ordinal position Two Adlerian views. Journal of Individual Psychology, 33(1), 114-121.

Of Mice and Men Curley’s Wife

mice When John Steinbeck wrote of mice and work force, he showed there was a lot of inequality during the 1930s. This render sh all told attempt to portray the inequality of women in Steinbecks novel. George the main character of the story, first sets his eyes on Curleys wife, his initial impression of her is that he has never seen no piece of jail bait worse than her (Steinbeck 2006 p36). In the novel Curleys wife is a beautiful woman who constantly shows her beauty to the men on the ranch. She dresses inappropriately for a woman married to the bosss son. She had full, roughed lips and wide spaced eyes, her fingernails are red and her hair hangs in little rolling clusters, like sausages. (p34 Steinbeck 2006). Curleys wife always wanders around the ranch in search for someone to talk to. However, the ranch workers stay wary of her as they imagine she will only give them trouble. Curleys wife is isolated, self absorbed and a dreamer. Curley doesnt seem to have any respect for his w ife at all, Candy tells George (Steinbeck p30) why Curley wears only one glove on his hand which is soaked in Vaseline so it is kept soft for his wife and George finds this disgusting.This is degrading to her as she is just there for his pleasure. She is just a wife who is a trophy to show off hence the saying trophy wife. Dreams are hard involved in this book. Like many a(prenominal) characters in the book, Curleys wife also has a dream. She dreams of being a film star. She appears to be trying to rifle the men into trouble but her dreams and frustrations show that she is lonely like the early(a) people on the ranch. She hated her upbringing, so when a guy told her she had the potential to be a movie star and he would be in touch, finally she found a way out.However, being a recent naive girl like she was, she fell for his story and she never heard or even saw the guy again. Instead of Hollywood and all its glam, she ended up marrying young and getting trapped on the ranch. B eing the only woman there and no one to talk to makes you emphasise with her and soften towards her and feel her loneliness. Curley is not implicated in her dream and there is only one person she tells her dream to and that is Lennie. I think she tells ennie because she knows he doesnt comprehend whats going on and it goes through one ear and out the other but at least shes telling somebody her dream even if they dont sort of understand but ironically the one person she tells is the same person who takes it away for good. John Steinbeck makes very good use of dreams throughout the novel. separately character is shown to have greater depth than we might have expected and we are able to see how lonely and disappointed their lives are through the quite humble ambitions that they have.The men seem to want security in their lives whereas Curleys wife wants to escape from the boredom and lonesomeness that surrounds her and get rid of the title Curleys wife. Although Curleys wife may be considered static, she does not change throughout the novel Curleys wife is essential to the plot. Therefore, she is not simply unknown because she is unimportant. Curleys wife is unnamed for several reasons. She is first and for most not worthy of a name. A name implies that a relationship can exist.Curleys wife is not capable of a relationship she is not worthy. With a name also comes identification and familiarity. If we were to feel any sort of empathy for Curleys wife, we may not understand or appreciate Lennies role in her death. We may actually care that she is dead. There is also the historical role of women in society. As a writer of social issues, Steinbeck wants the reader to grapple the inferior role of women in the world. The lack of name demotes Curleys wife to insignificant status.She is not as important as the men in the story. Curleys wife is very flirtatious. In fact she is so flirtatious that the farmers refer to her as having the eye. The men see her in the r anch as the cause of many problems like her preserves short heated attitude and the fear that they will be sacked. But as the story is about to reach its climax, she begins to supplement more complexity to her own character by letting Lennie in on her dreams, what she is all about. Here she reveals that she doesnt have the eye at all but she is just lonely.She says that she dislikes Curley because he is always annoyed and so she comes around the farm to get away and find someone that she can talk to. In this conversation with Lennie she tells him the dream that she had for herself. She dreamed of becoming a famous actress and she would have wanted to live in Hollywood. But just like many of the other characters her dream went unrealised. So instead of being an actress living a glamorous life in Hollywood, she is stuck living in a ranch with a husband that she really doesnt like, living in a ranch full of loneliness not havin

The Role of the Media in the Violation of Children’s Rights

Children have the right to reliable information from the media .. which.. should not promote materials that could ill-treat them. (UNICEF, 1991). There is rightful(prenominal) now any restriction placed on the dreadful things that the media has to offer and so children these days have halcyon access to all that they should not be seeing or hearing in the media. This simply style that the media be not playing their role where protect children is concerned.In todays society where the visual modality media convey all form of negativity whether on the television, internet, videogames or even the radio, members of society need to perplex aw be of what the younger generation are being influenced by so that values that are taught are not lost easily. The media violate the rights of a child by exposing them to crime and fury, giving them access to sexually explicit content and by creating a false sense of reality in which they believe roughly everything they see. The media expose children to crime and violence on a daily basis.This is so because everyday at least child watch the television, listen to the radio, play video games or surf the internet. Huesman (1986) as cited in Kundanis (2003) is of the feeling that children with poor academic skills are more aggressive and are the ones who watch more violence on the television. It is believed that violence in the media leads to aggressive behaviour. (Abel, 2005, Huesmann, 1986 as cited in Kundanis, 2003 & Johnson, 1998). All of these authors believe that if children are exposed to violence in the media it go forth have a negative impact on them in which they will pay off aggressive.Children who behave aggressively tend to carry this behaviour with them to adulthood and sometimes cause damage to those round them. According to Johnson (1998), children act out what they see in the television. or so of the things that children act out are the negativities. These take smoking, killing, fighting and killing j ust to name a few. According to Johnson (1998) many believe that the parents are the ones to be blamed for children being exposed to crime and violence in the media. However parents can do so much and no more to put a stop to that.This is because, not all the time will they be around to monitor their childrens watching habits, the type of music they listen or the websites they visit. It is concord that the can play a part in limiting it but not to the full extent. It is the medias responsibility to protect children from materials that could harm them (UNICEF, 1991), however they are not playing their part and so children are at risk. Children need to be protected against anything that will in any expressive style seize their ability to come up up with the necessary morals and values. Being exposed to pornography will in some way hinder that.Based on a research done by Ybarra and Mitchell (2005) 90% of the children between the ages of 12 and 18 have access to the internet. The more access a child has to the internet, the more exposed he or she is to the internet. Once the internet connection is there, sexually explicit contents are just a click away. just about times when children are surfing the net a pop-up screen window appears state them that they have won the lottery or sometimes it is in the form of something very attractive. This is to persuade them so that they will be curious about what is happening on their screen.While some will repel it, there are others who will venture further into it not knowing what they are getting themselves into. Most of these things lead to pornographic contents. Children are unintentionally being exposed to sexual contents in the media (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005). Most children log on to the internet with no intention of viewing porn however ends up doing just that. The media continues to exploit childrens rights by exposing them to pornography on the internet, in films and televised programmes (Media Code of Conduct, 20 05).Even though the media break themselves to ensuring that they do not violate childrens rights they are failing in the process. Children believe what they see on the media, whether it be true or false. This is because the media produces many things that appear to be real. Children look to certain television characters as their role model, whether they star in a movie, a television show or something of the sort. However, what they fail to see to it is that most of the time what their role models are portraying is not necessarily a good thing.To children what is seen on the television is a representation of reality (Baran, McIntyre & Meyer, 1984). Therefore actions like smoking are acceptable and the aggregate they see on the television is normal because television is reality. According to Berger (2008) seeing is believing, so what a soul believe is tied to what they have seen. Therefore when a child sees something he or she is confident that it exists. eyesight enables them to ascertain with their own eyes that it is in fact the truth.Even though the Media Code of Conduct states that they rehearse themselves to ensuring that the media does not violate the rights of a child, very little is done to prevent that. This is so because children are calm being exposed to all the negativities that the media offers. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on protecting children from the dangers that are present in the media. This will enable every child to live a wakeless lifestyle which they truly deserve. It is in fact the medias role to fulfil their promise of protecting children from the harm and dangers that they offer.

Dress Code in School Should Be Applied

rail countersink code has always been a controersial topic in the United States mainly because of Ameri shtup culture. Many aim fleece codes or uniforms have arrange from England. Uniforms in humans school cut down economic and social barriers between students, encourage elucidate and affect positive attitude by increase self-confidence, school pride, and a sense of belonging, and create a safe milieu in the schools. In the mid-sixties United States began adopting school uniforms in everyday schools but even now it is controversial whether or non they should be implemented throughout the country.The idea of uniforms came from England where their purpose was to encourage docility and obedience toward authority. However, England and United States used the uniforms to let on the lower class from the elite parochial schools. Even though the public schools did not start to train at uniforms until the 1960s, private and Catholic schools had uniform policies which were questi on for much of the first half of the twentieth degree Celsius (David L. Brunsma, 2004). In 1960, people protested against school uniforms implemented by Catholic and private schools.The protests were based on distinct concerns, such as 1) Uniforms became an invasion of p atomic number 18nts the right ways 2) the inherent statement that uniforms make of conformity and similarity was being questioned 3) At that time, the school uniforms were expensive for poorer families and 4) children will eventually find out social class boundaries, etc. (Brunsma, 2004). Uniforms soak up absent from visible difference between student socioeconomics and removes pressure to dress a certain way. Students can then focus more on their schoolwork and less on what their consorts are stoping.In the go for Rights of Student the author states, Some students whitethorn sapidity ostracized because they cannot afford the latest fashions that are popular among their classmates (Hudson and Marzilli, 200 4). causation president Bill Clinton encouraged the idea of school uniform in his 1996 State of the Union address. He said, If it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public school should be allowed to convey the students to wear school uniforms (Hudson and Marzilli, 2004).Clinton also stated If it means that the schoolrooms will be more orderly, more disciplined, and that our young people will learn to evaluate themselves by what they are on the inside instead of what theyre wearing on the outside, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms(Hudson and Marzilli, 2004). Uniforms are not only used to avoid socioeconomic difference and remove peer pressure to dress a certain way, but also used to increase safety in public schools. instills in United States had to implement dress code regulation to provide and improve a safe environment for student and faculty. After the Columbine shooting, scho ols safety awareness brought attention to dress codes in schools. Schools began implementing uniforms that prevented students from wearing gang-related apparel like trench coats and baggy pants, which enable students to hide weapons easily. Teachers and principals of students wearing uniforms can right away see if thither are non-students present in the building depending on the colors of the uniforms.School forcefulness can quickly notice a person that is a non-student on school grounds, preventing a trespasser who might cause harm at the school. One can agree with Jamunas viewpoint in the book Students Rights when he said, Of all the potential benefits of school dress policies, none is more important than up(a) school safety (Jamuna, 2005). Another aspect is how student dress affects attitudes in school and throughout crowing years. Uniforms encourage discipline, sense of belonging and school pride, which can facilitate later on in life in the work place or even in their perso nal lives. Some students and parents object to dress codes. However, the majority of school administrators recognize that well-drafted student dress codes help provide a better learnedness environment. Students need to learn how to dress for success. (Hudson and Marzilli, 2004) A person must have the appropriate attire to dress for a job interview. Should the school be no different? In the United States, schools and parents have disagreed over school uniforms. Some believe they let out or restrict a students right to freedom of expression.There have been cases where the students have taken legal action against schools and won. The most popular is Tinver v. diethylstilboestrol Moines Independent Community School Districts, where the school implemented a dress code policy that armbands could not be used in the school (Raskin, 2003). Tinvers and a group of adults and students purpose were to publicize their objection to the hostilities in Vietnam. Petitioners John F. Tinver, 15 yea rs old, and Christopher Eckhardt, 16 years old, attended racy school in Des Moines, Iowa. PetitionerMary Beth Tinver, Johns sister, was a 13 year-old-student in Junior high school (Raskin, 2003). However, the first Amendment protects freedom of verbal speech and uniforms does not qualify as express conduct because contains no particular message. In the book Rights of Student whos Arthurs are Hudson and Marzilli states, Restrictions on students dress are not designed to suppress free expressions rather, they are a way to improve the educational environment (Hudson and Marzilli, 2004). Opponents also believe school uniforms inhibit students individuality.Teenagers express their feelings by the garments they wear. Uniforms take away this form of expression. Why should school districts try to make all(prenominal)one look the same? For United States students, wearing uniforms may be viewed as in any case formal in a casual school atmosphere and too limiting of individuality. Parents may perceive that uniforms are less expensive than what would ordinarily be worn every day (Brunsma, 2006). School uniforms can be adopted from childhood onward, but adolescence is a time when uniforms may be adopted in the United States (Kim, DeLong, and LaBat, 2001).The third reason opponents disagree is that they believe uniforms inhibit a students freedom of choice. The United States focuses on teaching freedom of choice, therefore opponents feel there is no ethos in teaching when uniform are implemented. In website called Childrens School Uniforms, Pros and Cons, Dorit Sasson says, A School uniform is an issue which has caused a lot of debate in the last few years. Many students feel they lose their identity when everyone is required to wear the same clothes to school (Sasson, 2007). However, there has been a study that shows students support school uniforms.In the article Sasson also says, Some English students have recently come out in support of school uniforms. According t o a survey of 1,300 teens, 67% of the boys and 52% of the girls opt wearing uniforms to school (Sasson, 2007). The author of Students Rights supports the idea and says, Though the majority of public schools do not require uniforms, the feedback is very positive from those who do (Jamuna, 2005). In conclusion, dress codes should be applied in all public schools for the following potential benefits. First they reduce economic and social barriers between students.Secondly, they are essential to the school environment by promoting school safety, encouraging discipline and boosting positive attitudes. Though opponents believe school uniforms violate or restricts a students right to freedom of expression, inhibit students individuality and student freedom of choice, the fact remains that as Hudson and Marzilli state, School should be more about discipline than fashion. School uniforms help decrease tensions in school, reduce socioeconomic differences, improve safety, and remove distracti ons.

The role of nuclear energy in the field of medicine

atomic efficiency is a symbol of energy which is released by a reaction called as atomic reaction. There argon two main(prenominal) types of nuclear reactions, one is called fission and the other one is fusionIn Fission reaction it releases a nuclear energy when a single heavy nucleus seperates into two smaller ones, causing energy to be released . The most common element use to undergo nuclear fission is uracil because uranium has many favorable properties. Uranium nuclei usher out be easily split by applying neutrons at them. The fission reaction is used to make heat for producing steam, which is then used by a turbine to aim electricity. that if in a fusion reaction a two single nuclei combines to pointher to form some other nucleus which is heavier. This reaction occurs alone under precise hot conditions. thermonuclear fusion is used to generate a lot of energy in the form of light, hear and radiation. This energy supports life on our major planet and it was the only energy early mankind used.1) What Is Nuclear Energy. What Is Nuclear Energy. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. .2) Nuclear Energy. ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. http//library.thinkquest.org/3471/nuclear_energy.htmlPicture 1 1) Picture 2 Free Energy Nuclear Fusion in the Quran. Pakalert Press. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. .Scientists engender discovered that nuclear energy dejection be used in covering non-homogeneous diseases much(prenominal) as crab louse, heart disease, endocrine, gastrointestinal and other abnormalities name inside the carcass. Nuclear energy provides a salutary solution in treating certain diseases affecting lot in todays world.In the issue of Cardiopulmonary. Nuclear energy is used in s weedning and visualizing rip flow and also heart function. In treating cancer diseases such as Melanoma and breast cancer, Nuclear energy can have their lymph mondes located first before doing the surgery. It can also find out whether there ar e respiratory problems and blood flow in lungs.Another major important use of Nuclear energy is for the treatment of various cancers such as Melanoma and breast cancer. Patients having Melanoma and breast cancer can have their lymph nodes found first before doing the surgery, thyroid cancer and tumors that spread to the bones are also cured by using Nuclear energy.In other diagnostic use of nuclear energy, Nuclear energy is used to evaluate tumors, arthritis, fractures and infenction of bones. Locating the area where there is an infection, identifying problems causing gallbladder inflammation and bleeding into the bowel can be treated using nuclear energy. It can also be used to investigate flair abnormalities, such as loss of memory, seizures and abnormalities in blood flow.General Nuclear Medicine. Nuclear Medicine, General. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. .How Is Nuclear Energy Used in Medicine? Yahoo Contributor Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. .The effectiveness of using n uclear energy to solve diseases is very(prenominal) effective because for eg if a patient having cancer undergoes surgery, before doing the surgery doctors involve to locate the specific area where the cancer are located to do this X- putz tomography or (CT) scans work by using nuclear tracers to emmit gamma rays once the rays are inside the frame, special cameras are able to pick up the emitted gamma rays and show to the photo of the organ or the part where the cancer is to the doctor. This helps the doctors to successfully treat the patient.Another more advanced technology called a Positron Emission imagination (PET) isused in determining patients with cardiac conditions, problems in the brain and cancer, first positron-emitting radionuclides are injected into the patients body and then they run to the organ and they begin to quickly decay. They emmit a positron and an electron from inside of the patients body an two very distinct gamma rays which the PET scans and forms an i mage. The photo helps doctors to locate where the problem is, this is more advanced than CT scans. comparison methods exchangeable CT scans and PET scans to other methods like Endoscopic ultrasound and others to determine where the cancer is to methods like brain scan, the method of CT scans are likely to be more dangerous and may ill-use the patient because in CT scans they use contrast agents which are chemical substances that are exposed to the human beings body when they are running the test. Contrast agents like Iodine is the contrast agent which is the most unremarkably used contrast agent can cause allergic reactions to some patients which includes a rash, a unattackable sensation or even in a worst case scenario difficulty to breathe normally. alike in CT scans it involves patients to get exposed to ionizing radiation which is known to cause cancer. This becomes a problem for people who need multiple scans and also for children because children are more sensitive to rad iation than to adults. So even though CT scans can help doctors to locate where the disease is they arent that reliable and can be evil as salubrious if they are not used properly.Symptoms & Diagnosis. Symptoms & Diagnosis. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. .Cioffi, Rebecca. How Does Nuclear Medicine Actually come out Cancer Cells? EHow. Demand Media, 30 Apr. 2009. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. .SocialThe use of CT scans to perform scans inside the body for the location of diseases inside the body can be very useful and can help to treat the patients. But CT scans are high tech devices and are very expensive which are only available in developed countries, for poorer countries like in Africa have no technology and money to get CT scanners and have to rely on alternative solutions to cure their diseases, Which sometimes give inaccurate results. environsCT scanners need nuclear energy to produce the image inside the patients body. Nuclear energy is one of the worlds most efficient energy producer and electricity. This helps the society very much. But nuclear energy also can cause a great deal descend of damage to the environment. If a CT scanner has a gamma ray leak out it can cause greenhouse gas emissions to rise and harm the environment. Crops and drinking water exposed to gamma ray can cause lung tumor and thyroid cancer if consumed, Animals and marine life will be affect by it also, so people who are responsible for maintenance of the scanners must maintain the machine well or not there will be a great consequence to face.From making this try on I came to know about the great use of nuclear power in the field of medicine, They can detect cancer, tumor and hemorrhage inside a persons body and help doctors in treating them. But I also learnt that there is a limitation to this technology because some people have allergic reactions from nuclear energy and if exposed too much to a persons body instead of treating the disease it can cause one, so we must be responsible us ing this bullnecked energy.

Rowe vs Wade

hard roe vs. wade The greet today is correct in holding that the in good order asserted by Jane roe is embraced within the soulised intimacy protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Awork forcedment. It is evident that the Texas miscarriage order infringes that right directly. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine a more complete abridgment of a essential emancipation than that worked by the inflexible criminal statute now in force in Texas. The question thusly becomes whether the separate interests advanced to justify this abridgment can survive the helpingicularly careful scrutiny that the Fourteenth Amendment hither requires.The asserted state interests are protection of the health and safety of the pregnant woman, and protection of the potential in store(predicate) human animateness within her. But such legislation is not before us, and I cipher the act today has thoroughly demonstrated that these state interests cannot constitutionally support the broad abridgment of own(prenominal) liberty worked by the existing Texas law. Accordingly, I join the royal courts opinion holding that that law is invalid chthonic the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (Craig and OBrien 17).On January 22nd, 1973 Justice Harry Blackmun gave the determination of the sovereign Court in regards to the Roe vs. wade eccentric. A single pregnant woman, Jane Roe, had filed a class achievemention lawsuit repugn the constitutionality of the Texas criminal laws regarding spontaneous nonoperationalbirth, which state having or attempting an stillbirth except on medical advice for the reason of saving the mothers living. Norma McCorvey, the plaintiffs sanctioned name, was young and recently divorced at the time, searching for a way to resolve her unplanned maternal quality. No legitimate doctor in Texas would touch me, stated McCorvey. There I was pregnant, unmarried, unemployed, alone and stuck (Craig and OBrien 5). The plaintiffs argumen t was that prohibiting abortion at any time before the actual birth of the minor violated a womans constitutional right to privacy. The Supreme Court eventually agreed with Mrs. McCorvey, finding it justifiable that abortion under the ordinal amendment was legal. A persons right to privacy had to now extend to the extent of choosing to have an abortion. Although the Court did not dis ascribee the issue of when life in reality begins, abortion became legal under this landmark Supreme Court close.The roll over whether abortion should be legal had taken browse in America for several decades, and the drop dead conclusion rendered by Roe vs. walk resonated through all of America, influencing society even to this date. Until inside the last half of the nineteenth century, when it was criminalized on a state by state basis across America, abortion was legal before approximately the fourth month of pregnancy. In early colonial medical guides thither were recipes for instigating a bortions with plants and herbs that could be grown in ones garden or easily procured in the woods.By the middle of the eighteenth century, mercantile items were wide available that served the same purpose. Unfortunately, these drugs happened to be often fatal. The starting line statutes regulating acquiring an abortion, passed in the 1820s and 1830s, were actually laws for poison control selling of commercial abortion agents was outlawed, and abortion itself was not. Despite these newly prescribed laws, the business of abortion was booming by the 1840s, this included the sale of illegal drugs, which were advertised very widely in the popular press.However, this trend would change. Following the 1840s, abortion was under polish, and a string of anti-abortion laws would be put in place until the twentieth century. The pushing force behind this criminalization of abortion was doctors and the American checkup Association. The AMA was founded in 1847, and the elimination of abortion was one of its top priorities. To the growing movement, abortion was both an immoral act and a medically dangerous one, given the incompetence of umteen of the practitioners then (Joffe 28). However, the opposition went beyond these factors.To many sight during the later geezerhood of the nineteenth century, abortion represented a threat to the traditional part of a woman in society and the authority of males. Abortion was a symbol of unrestrained womanish sexuality, expressing self-centered and self-indulgent qualities. The AMAs Committee on Criminal Abortion portrayed this view blatantly in 1871. She yields to the pleasures but shrinks from the pains and responsibilities of maternity and, destitute of all delicacy and refinement, resigns herself, body and soul, into the hands of unscrupulous and villainous men (Joffe 9). As the twentieth century arrived, over forty states had completely outlawed abortion unless the mothers life was in direct danger, and many others had put strict regulations in place. However in spite of these emerge laws, people still acquired abortions illegally for decades until the Roe vs. Wade decision. Frederick Taussig performed a study in 1936 which showed an estimated half one thousand thousand illegal abortions. In 1953, ninety percent of all premarital pregnancies ended in illegal abortions, and xx percent of married couples had abortions performed.Illegal abortions climbed in numbers to over a million a year until Roe vs. Wade. Although the law dictated the morality of having an abortion, it was still a considerable part of society. The Roe vs. Wade decision was first argued in December 1971, after being before the Supreme Court for over a year. Although this decision would be later analyzed and debated over, little attention was brought up in regard to the facial expression at the time. Chief Justice Burger opened the Courts oral arguments, and each was given only thirty proceedings to present their case and answer q uestions.Sarah Weddington, who was the main lawyer defending Norma McCorvey argued that abortion needed to be legalized far than the case in which a womans life is in danger. The physiological and psychological factors could also warrant an abortion. However, visual perception as how the Supreme Court has no jurisdiction over public policies, Weddington decided to argue that authentic abortion laws were in violation of the ordinal amendment. The fourteenth amendment guarantees the right to liberty without due process of law, and the decision made this right extend to a womans right to choose to be pregnant.During her closing argument, Weddington stated if liberty is meaningful that liberty to these women would mean liberty from being forced to continue the unwanted pregnancy (Craig and OBrien 17). Jay Floyd, the service attorney general of Texas, then presented his case arguing against the legalization of abortion. Weddington had argued that many women had no other option but t o have an abortion because of their social and economic status. However, Floyd contended that despite external factors, every person has cede autonomy. Now I think she makes her option prior to the time she becomes pregnant. That is the time of her choice. Its like, more or less, the first three or four years of our life we dont remember anything. But once a child is born, a woman no longer has a choice, and I think pregnancy then determines that choice (Craig and OBrien 17). Thus, Floyd argued, the fourteenth amendment had not been violated since pregnancy was a result of free will, and liberty was not denied. If pregnancy was a conscious choice on the womans part, then abortion was not warranted.Another crucial chapter of the Roe vs. Wade trial was the debate of when a fetus is given constitutional rights. In response to Texas harsh abortion restrictions, Floyd explained that Texas recognized the humanness of the embryo, or the fetus and hada compelling interest because of the p rotection of fetal life (Craig and OBrien 17). However, there were many flaws with this statement in the court. First, the topic at hand was not the constitutional rights of embryos, but whether abortion was in violation of a persons right to liberty.Second, there had been no state law or court decision which had equated abortion with murder. Thus, Floyds argument amounted to nothing more than personal opinion, with no relativity to the case. The Court needed to ensure the constitutional rights of the woman before protecting the rights of the unborn fetus. The fourteenth amendment as it is stated applies only to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and if the Court granted the fourteenth amendment to unborn children, it would be an extreme case of judicial activism (Craig and OBrien 20).After two years of listening to both sides, the Supreme Court finally came to a decision. The right to privacy and liberty was broad enough to include a womans choice for abortion. T he fourteenth amendment granted personal liberty, which includes a womans body and unborn fetus. Although the Court determined the virtue of abortion, they left the responsibility of how to implement it to the states themselves. Like Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka, a general decision on constitutionality needed to be left to local governments to be implemented. Where certain fundamental rights are involved, the Court has held that regulation limiting these rights may be justified only by a compelling state interest, and that legislative enactments must be narrowly drawn to express only the legitimate state interests at stake (Craig and OBrien 27). Although the court did not provide any precise methods of how to implement, it did set vague guidelines regarding the developmental phase of the fetus.A mother had the choice to abort the pregnancy in the first trimester, but limitations were put in place on abortion where it is allowed in the second and third trimesters if t he right to liberty and privacy of the mother was still preserved. The immediate reactions to the Roe vs. Wade decision were heated and extreme, as abortion is still an extremely moot topic. The president of Planned Parenthood hailed the decision as a wise and courageous stroke for the right of privacy, and for the protection of a womans physical and emotional health (Craig and OBrien 32).However, there were just as many people in agreement with the decision as its opposition. Cardinal Terence Cooke came after the Justices, claiming that whatever their legal rationale, seven men have made a tragic utilitarian judgment regarding who shall live and who shall die (Craig and OBrien 32). Roe vs. Wade launched the abortion issue to the national level, making it a source of political and social arguments in the years to follow. On the tenth anniversary of the decision, The Washington Post discussed its effects on society. Roe vs.Wade has drastically changed the Courts image, fostered sel f-colouredsale attack on judicial activism and mobilized thousands of supporters and opponents of legalized abortion in a debate that has reshaped the political terrain in many states and, at times, has virtually halted the work of Congress. Few court decisions have had a more immediate impact on such a personal aspect of American life (Craig and OBrien 35). The Roe vs. Wade decision has abnormal all parts of society, from the role of the Supreme Court to the level of humanness of an unborn fetus.Many scholars regard this case as the Dred Scott of the twentieth century. The decision ignited a national debate on judicial activism, and the part the Supreme Court plays on public policy. No other case similar to Roe vs. Wade has had such an extreme impact on public law. Furthermore, the case has drawn an imaginary line, diving the whole country into the pro-life or pro-choice category. Almost immediately following the decision, a great cut of pro-life and pro-choice groups were create d, and abortion has remained a prominent political, social, and moral issue.No other subject has resonated importance in American politics. Finally, the Roe vs. Wade outcome is considered a symbol of the changing society during the 1970s. In the past, abortion was highly restricted and frowned upon, mimicking the conservative society. However, as the 1970s marked a rise in liberalism and the need for individual freedoms, the Roe vs. Wade decision to make abortion legal mirrored this willingness to embrace a persons autonomy. Roe vs. Wade marked an unforgettable change in government, politics, and society.Works Cited Craig, Barbara Hinkson and David M. OBrien. Abortion and American Politics. Chatham, New Jersey Chatham rest home Publishers, 1993. Hickok, Eugene W. Justice vs. Law Courts and Politics in American Society. New York Free Press/Macmillan, 1993. Joffe, Carole. Doctors of Conscience The shin to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade. Boston Beacon Press, 1995. Olas ky, Marvin. Abortion Rites A affable History of Abortion in America. Washington DC Regnery Publishing, 1992. Rubin, Eva R. Abortion, Politics, and the Courts Roe v. Wade and its Aftermath. New York Greenwood Press, 1987.